Sentence structure

Where things are and where people go

Describe locations, positions and destinations.

To say where something is, use อยู่ followed by a location. A word such as ใน, inside, or หลัง, behind, can specify the position. If the sentence already has an action verb, a location phrase can follow that action without อยู่: ผมรอตรงประตู means I'm waiting right by the door.

thing or person+อยู่+location word+place

A location word isn't always necessary: อยู่บ้าน means to be at home.

Location words

  • at; in; by

    a general location marker: อยู่ที่บ้าน means to be at home

  • in; inside

    ในกระเป๋า means in the bag

  • on top of

    บนโต๊ะ means on the table

  • under

    ใต้เตียง means under the bed

  • beside; next to

    ข้างธนาคาร means next to the bank

  • ข้างๆkâang-kâang

    right beside; next to

    a repeated form common in conversation

  • in front of

    also means face; หน้าร้าน means in front of the shop

  • behind

    also means back; หลังบ้าน means behind the house

  • between

    ระหว่างบ้านกับร้าน means between the house and the shop

  • ตรงdtrong

    right at; by

    ตรงประตู means right by the door

  • near

    ใกล้ทะเล means near the sea

English in and at don't map to Thai words one for one. ใน specifically places something inside: ในกระเป๋า, in the bag. ที่ names a location more generally. กินที่ร้าน says where you eat; กินในร้าน specifically puts you inside the restaurant rather than outside it.

A destination can follow ไป, go, directly: ไปตลาด, go to the market; ไปโรงแรม, go to the hotel; ไปสนามบิน, go to the airport. A location word can be added when it helps specify the destination, but isn't required in these basic phrases.

Some expressions already identify a place. ที่นี่ and ตรงนี้ mean here; ที่นั่น and ตรงนั้น mean there. Forms with ตรง point more directly to a spot. ข้างนอก, outside, and ข้างใน, inside, can also serve as location expressions without adding another preposition.

Common mistake

Don't automatically add a Thai word for every English to, in or at. ไปตลาด is a complete destination phrase. In a location phrase, choose ใน when inside matters and ที่ when you simply mean at that place.

Kai says

Thai verbs don't change their endings for past and future. Context and words such as จะ, a future marker, tell you when something happens.